Solar panels are primarily composed of solar cells, which serve as the core power-generating units of the photovoltaic module, converting sunlight directly into electricity. Common cell types on the market include monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and next-generation high-efficiency technologies such as TOPCon and HJT. Among these, monocrystalline silicon cells have become the mainstream choice in the photovoltaic market due to their high conversion efficiency, stable power generation performance, and long service life. Since the quality and conversion efficiency of the cells directly determine the panel's overall power generation capacity, high-quality cells are fundamental to ensuring module performance.
To protect the cells and enhance durability, the front side of the solar panel typically utilizes high-transmittance tempered glass. This glass maximizes sunlight transmission and minimizes energy loss from reflection; furthermore, its high mechanical strength and impact resistance effectively withstand hazards such as hail, strong winds, rain, snow, and other adverse weather conditions. Additionally, the glass surface undergoes special treatment to provide wear, corrosion, and aging resistance, ensuring stable operation over the long term in outdoor environments.
Encapsulation materials are another critical component; most photovoltaic modules currently use EVA or POE films as the encapsulation layer to securely bond the cells with the tempered glass and the backsheet. These materials offer excellent light transmission while providing insulation, moisture and water resistance, shock absorption, and UV protection. They effectively shield the cells from air, moisture, and dust, thereby enhancing the module's reliability and lifespan. Backsheets or dual-glass structures further improve sealing and weather resistance, enabling the solar panels to withstand demanding environments characterized by high temperatures, high humidity, and salt spray.